Activities This Week
Probability and ergodic theory (PET)
Approximate groups and applications to the growth of groups
Apr 25, 10:50—12:00, 2017, Math -101
Speaker
Matthew Tointon
Abstract
Given a set A in a group, write $A^n$ for the set of all products $x_1…x_n$ with each $x_i$ belonging to A. Roughly speaking, a set A for which $A^2$ is “not much larger than” A is called an “approximate group”. The “growth” of A, on the other hand, refers to the behaviour of $ | A^n | $ as n tends to infinity. Both of these have been fruitful areas of study, with applications in various branches of mathematics. |
Remarkably, understanding the behaviour of approximate groups allows us to convert information $A^k$ for some single fixed k into information about the sequence $A^n$ as n tends to infinity, and in particular about the growth of A.
In this talk I will present various results describing the algebraic structure of approximate groups, and then explain how to use these to prove new results about growth. In particular, I will describe work with Romain Tessera in which we show that if $ | A^k | $ is bounded by $Mk^D$ for some given M and D then, provided k is large enough, | A^n | is bounded by $M’n^D$ for every n > k, with M’ depending only on M and D. This verifies a conjecture of Itai Benjamini. |
Logic, Set Theory and Topology
NSOP_1 Theories
Apr 25, 12:15—13:30, 2017, Math -101
Speaker
Nicholas Ramsey (UC Berkeley)
Abstract
The class of NSOP_1 theories was isolated by Džamonja and Shelah in the mid-90s and later investigated by Shelah and Usvyatsov, but the theorems about this class were mainly restricted to its syntactic properties and the model-theoretic general consensus was that the property SOP_1 was more of an unimportant curiosity than a meaningful dividing line. I’ll describe recent work with Itay Kaplan which upends this view, characterizing NSOP_1 theories in terms of an independence relation called Kim-independence, which generalizes non-forking independence in simple theories. I’ll describe the basic theory and describe several examples of non-simple NSOP_1 theories, such as Frobenius fields and vector spaces with a generic bilinear form.
Colloquium
Stability in representation theory of the symmetric groups
Apr 25, 14:30—15:30, 2017, Math -101
Speaker
Inna Entova-Aizenbud (BGU)
Abstract
In the finite-dimensional representation theory of the symmetric groups $S_n$ over the base field $\mathbb{C}$, there is an an interesting phenomena of “stabilization” as $n \to \infty$: some representations of $S_n$ appear in sequences $(V_n)_{n \geq 0}$, where each $V_n$ is a finite-dimensional representation of $S_n$, where $V_n$ become “the same” in a certain sense for $n >> 0$.
One manifestation of this phenomena are sequences $(V_n)_{n \geq 0}$ such that the characters of $S_n$ on $V_n$ are “polynomial in $n$”. More precisely, these sequences satisfy the condition: for $n>>0$, the trace (character) of the automorphism $\sigma \in S_n$ of $V_n$ is given by a polynomial in the variables $x_i$, where $x_i(\sigma)$ is the number of cycles of length $i$ in the permutation $\sigma$.
In particular, such sequences $(V_n)_{n \geq 0}$ satisfy the agreeable property that $\dim(V_n)$ is polynomial in $n$.
Such “polynomial sequences” are encountered in many contexts: cohomologies of configuration spaces of $n$ distinct ordered points on a connected oriented manifold, spaces of polynomials on rank varieties of $n \times n$ matrices, and more. These sequences are called $FI$-modules, and have been studied extensively by Church, Ellenberg, Farb and others, yielding many interesting results on polynomiality in $n$ of dimensions of these spaces.
A stronger version of the stability phenomena is described by the following two settings:
- The algebraic representations of the infinite symmetric group $$S_{\infty} = \bigcup_{n} S_n,$$ where each representation of $$S_{\infty}$$ corresponds to a ``polynomial sequence'' $$(V_n)_{n \geq 0}$$.
- The "polynomial" family of Deligne categories $$Rep(S_t), ~t \in \mathbb{C}$$, where the objects of the category $$Rep(S_t)$$ can be thought of as "continuations of sequences $$(V_n)_{n \geq 0}$$" to complex values of $$t=n$$.
I will describe both settings, show that they are connected, and explain some applications in the representation theory of the symmetric groups.
אשנב למתמטיקה
אקסיומת הבחירה: שק ההפתעות של צרמלו
Apr 25, 18:30—20:00, 2017, אולם 101-
Speaker
אסף חסון
Abstract
In mathematics you don’t understand things. You just get used to them.
(ג’ון פון נוימן)
מספר אינסופי (נאמר, בן מניה) של אנשים נכנסים לחדר (גדול מספיק להכיל את כולם) וכל אחד נושא על גבו מספר ממשי. המשתתפים יכולים לראות את כל המספרים שנושאים האחרים – אך, כמובן, לא את המספר על גבם. אחד אחד השחקנים מוצאים מן החדר, וכל אחד בתורו מנחש מה המספר הכתוב על גבו. בתכנון מוקדם – ומבלי לתקשר ביניהם מרגע תחילת המשחק – מצליחים כל השחקנים, פרט למספר סופי, לנחש נכון את המספר.
מהי האסטרטגיה, כיצד יתכן שאסטרטגיה כזו בכלל קיימת? האין כאן סתירה לחוקי ההסתברות?
אקסיומת הבחירה היא חרב הפיפיות המפורסמת ביותר במתמטיקה: מעטים העקרונות המתמטים שלהם מגוון כה רחב של שימושים והשלכות עמוקים ומרחקי לכת כמו לאקסיומת הבחירה; אך יש לה גם השלכות כה מפתיעות שעוררו בעבר (ובמידה פחותה גם היום) ויכוחים סוערים בדבר תקפותה וסבירותה.
בהרצאה נציג את אקסיומת הבחירה ובודדים מבין מאות הניסוחים הידועים כיום כשקולים לה. נסקור כמה מן השימושים החשובים של האקסיומה, ונדון ב”פרדוקסים” שהיא מעוררת. אם יתיר הזמן, נראה שגם ללא אקסיומת הבחירה המתמטיקה בהחלט עדיין יכולה להפתיע.
Algebraic Geometry and Number Theory
Homotopical Obstructions and the unramified Inverse Galois problem
Apr 26, 15:10—16:30, 2017, Math -101
Speaker
Tomer Schlank (HU)